by GIJN

INTRODUCTION

A transnational clothing brand staffing its factories with slave labor. An 11th-century statue stolen from a temple, trafficked overseas, and sold to a museum for millions of dollars. A gang hacking ATMs to steal credit card details and withdraw cash from tourist accounts. A drug-related massacre and hundreds of people missing as a result. These are just a few of the organized crime stories covered in recent years by investigative journalists around the world.

Estimates vary, but organized crime is thought to be a trillion-dollar business. One UN study put its annual revenues at close to 7 percent of global merchandise exports. Like a shadow government, it collects its own taxes and enforces its own laws. It affects economic development, social progress, the status of women, the degradation of our environment. In too many countries, it has replaced civil administration with government-by-theft. For business, it tilts the playing field toward the corrupt and violent. 

Today’s crime syndicates are multinational and enterprising. They exist almost everywhere, and they have taken advantage of globalization, modern technology, and weak enforcement. Police — largely bound by national borders — are being left behind as today’s crime bosses move money, people, and contraband around the globe with few hindrances. Too often it is left to investigative reporters to ask the tough questions, put the pieces together, and make sense of the crimes that are remaking our world.  

With that in mind, we at GIJN are pleased to offer this Reporter’s Guide to Investigating Organized Crime. We have asked leading crime reporters (and one professor) to offer their hard-won advice about how to tackle these complex — and dangerous — topics. We’ve chosen nine key areas: criminal finance, narcotics, arms trade, environmental crime, forced disappearances, cybercrime, mafia states, human trafficking, and art and antiquities. 

Our list is not exhaustive. There is much to investigate in the worlds of counterfeiting, piracy, black market fishing, tobacco smuggling, and illicit trade, to name but a few more areas of criminal enterprise. The world’s great crime syndicates — Italy’s Mafia and ‘Ndrangheta, Japan’s Yakuza, Latin America’s narcotics cartels, Chinese triads, the Russian mob, and more — are also worth a close look. But, for now, we are pleased to offer this guide as a starting point for enterprising reporters worldwide. In each chapter, we discuss the main drivers and players involved, basic sources to guide you, case studies from multiple regions, and tips and tools on how to investigate the issue. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One: Money Laundering 

Author: Paul Radu (Romania)

How It Works |  Case Studies  |  How to Untangle It — Tips and Tools

Chapter Two: Drug Trafficking

Author: Steven Dudley (US)

Key Questions  |  Case Studies  |  5 Tips and Tools

Chapter Three: Cybercrime

Author: Kate Fazzini (US)

Potential Sources  |  Tips and Tools  |  Case Studies  |   Investigation Strategies

Chapter Four: Forced Disappearances

Author: Marcela Turati (Mexico)

Global Problem | Sources  |  Case Studies  |  Tips and Tools

Chapter Five: Human Trafficking

Author: Martha Mendoza (US)

Sources  |  Case Studies  |  Tips and Tools  |  Be Mindful

Chapter Six: Arms Trafficking

Author: Khadija Sharife (South Africa)

Global Scope  | A Private Affair  |  Case Studies  |  Tips and Tools

Chapter Seven: Environmental Crimes

Author: Toby McIntosh (US)

Environmental Organized Crimes  |  Finding Sources  |  Case Studies |  The Big Picture |  Tips and Tools

Chapter Eight: Antiquities Trafficking

Author: Donna Yates (Netherlands)

A Gray Market  |  Art Theft: Not Like the Movies  |  Sources  |  Documents and Data  |  Case Studies  |  Tips and Tools

Chapter Nine: Mafia States and Kleptocracies

Author: Drew Sullivan (US)

Forms of Migration and Employment  |  Irregular Employment  |  Recruitment Process and Pitfalls

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This guide was possible due to the invaluable support of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GITOC), an independent civil-society organization based in Geneva, dedicated to seeking new and innovative strategies and responses to organized crime.

GIJN also extends a big thanks to the authors of this guide.

• Chapter One (Money Laundering): Paul Radu, co-founder and chief of innovation at Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP). He founded the organization in 2007 with Drew Sullivan. He leads OCCRP’s major investigative projects, scopes regional expansion, and develops new strategies and technology to expose organized crime and corruption across borders.
• Chapter Two (Drug Trafficking): Steven Dudley, co-director and co-founder of GIJN member InSight Crime, an initiative aimed at monitoring, analyzing, and investigating organized crime in the Americas.
• Chapter Three (Cybercrime): Kate Fazzini, a technology reporter who covers cybersecurity for the American cable TV network CNBC. 
• Chapter Four (Forced Disappearances): Marcela Turati, an investigative journalist who has covered the Mexican drug war and who is a founding member of the reporting project Quinto Elemento Lab.
• Chapter Five (Human Trafficking): Martha Mendoza, a Pulitzer prize-winning Associated Press reporter. She currently writes breaking news, enterprise, and investigative stories from Silicon Valley, in California. She was part of a team that exposed forced labor in the fishing industry in Southeast Asia in 2015, an exposé which helped to free 2,000 slaves.
• Chapter Six (Arms Trafficking): Khadija Sharife, senior editor for Africa at the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP).
• Chapter Seven (Environmental Crimes): Toby McIntosh, senior advisor to the GIJN Resource Center.
• Chapter Eight (Antiquities Trafficking): Donna Yates, an associate professor in the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology at Maastricht University and a member of the Trafficking Culture Project.
• Chapter Nine (Mafia States and Kleptocracies): Drew Sullivan, co-founder and publisher of OCCRP, a global network of investigative journalists that exposes crime and corruption so the public can hold power to account.